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Contents

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

2. Metademocracy .....................................................................

Deference ..................................................................................

Reconstructionism .....................................................................

Pragmatism................................................................................

Disciplinarianism ........................................................................

3. Judicial Legitimacy .................................................................

4. Legislative Legitimacy Reinterpreted .......................................

2.4.6 Derivatives of Policy

Chapter 23 Precedent .........................................................

Introduction...............................................................................

1. Nature of Precedent ...............................................................

Preserving Rules ........................................................................

Preserving Policy .......................................................................

Avoiding Costs..........................................................................

2. Overruling Precedent ..............................................................

Chapter 24 Rules .................................................................

Introduction...............................................................................

Identifying Meanings ..................................................................

Promoting Meanings ..................................................................

2.5: Analysing Ambiguity

Chapter 25 Analysing Ambiguity ......................................

Introduction...............................................................................

1. Language ...............................................................................

2. Ambiguity ..............................................................................

Nature of Ambiguity...................................................................

Prevalence of Ambiguity ............................................................

Need to Identify Meanings..........................................................

How to Identify Meanings ..........................................................

3. Limits to Interpretation ...........................................................

General Limits: Language ...........................................................

Specific Limits: Ambiguity .........................................................

2.6: Observing Facts

Chapter 26 Observing Facts .............................................

Introduction...............................................................................

Observation by a Witness ..........................................................

Observation by Equipment .........................................................

Observation by the Court ...........................................................

Observation by an Institution ......................................................