Nature of Policy.........................................................................
129
Model for Policy........................................................................
132
Derivatives of Policy ..................................................................
138
2.4.2 Net Benefit
Chapter 11 Nature of Net Benefit ......................................
140
Introduction...............................................................................
140
Net Benefit Rule.........................................................................
140
Changeover Costs and Benefits ..................................................
145
Operating Costs and Benefits .....................................................
153
Illustration .................................................................................
155
Chapter 12 Measurement of Net Benefit .........................
157
Introduction...............................................................................
157
Methods of Measurement ...........................................................
158
Problem of Measurement ...........................................................
161
Attempts to Alleviate Problems...................................................
162
Conclusion ................................................................................
166
2.4.3 Components of Policy: Cause and Effects
Chapter 13 Cause ................................................................
168
Introduction...............................................................................
168
Determinism ..............................................................................
170
Science .....................................................................................
172
Nature of Causation ...................................................................
179
Chapter 14 Cause: Explanatory Theories......................
186
Introduction...............................................................................
186
General Theories........................................................................
186
Theories of Complex Behaviour .................................................
190
Theories of Legal Compliance ....................................................
217
Appendix: Force Field Diagram ..................................................
238
Chapter 15 Cause: Responding to Uncertainty ............
239
Introduction...............................................................................
239
Expected Value..........................................................................
240
Review of Legislation .................................................................
242
Review of Judicial Decisions ......................................................
248
Disjointed Incrementalism...........................................................
248
Precautionary Principle...............................................................
250
Defensive Design .......................................................................
252
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